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用語
定義
energy flow
the movement of energy through an ecosystem
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first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed
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law of conservation of energy
another name for the first law of thermodynamics
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second law of thermodynamics
energy transfers are not 100% efficient, and some energy is lost as heat
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producer
an organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis
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primary producer
an organism that converts light energy into chemical energy in biomass
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consumer
an organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms
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primary consumer
an organism that eats producers
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secondary consumer
an organism that eats primary consumers
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tertiary consumer
an organism that eats secondary consumers
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top carnivore
a predator at the highest trophic level
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trophic level
the feeding level of an organism in a food chain
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food chain
a linear sequence showing how energy is transferred between organisms
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food web
a network of interconnected food chains
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photosynthesis
the process by which plants use light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water
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photosynthesis word equation
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
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photosynthesis energy transformation
light energy → chemical energy
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respiration
the process by which organisms release energy from glucose
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aerobic respiration
glucose is broken down using oxygen to release energy
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aerobic respiration word equation
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
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respiration energy transformation
chemical energy → usable energy and heat energy
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biomass
the total mass of living organic matter in an organism, population, or trophic level
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productivity
the rate at which biomass or energy is produced
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pyramid of numbers
a diagram showing the number of organisms at each trophic level
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pyramid of biomass
a diagram showing the biomass at each trophic level
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pyramid of energy
a diagram showing the energy available at each trophic level
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energy loss
energy that is not transferred to the next trophic level
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energy lost as heat
energy lost during respiration
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biodegradable pollutant
a pollutant that can be broken down by decomposers
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non-biodegradable pollutant
a pollutant that cannot be broken down easily by natural processes
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persistent pollutant
a pollutant that remains in the environment for a long time
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bioaccumulation
the build-up of a pollutant in an organism over time
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biomagnification
the increase in concentration of a pollutant at higher trophic levels
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DDT
a persistent insecticide that can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in food chains
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mercury
a toxic heavy metal that can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in aquatic food chains
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contaminant
a harmful substance that pollutes the environment
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chemical energy
energy stored in chemical bonds, such as in glucose or biomass
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light energy
energy from the Sun used by producers in photosynthesis
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glucose
a sugar produced in photosynthesis and used in respiration
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