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用語
定義
soil
a mixture of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and living organisms
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soil system
a system of inputs, outputs, stores, transfers and transformations within soil
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soil profile
a vertical section through soil showing different layers or horizons
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soil horizon
a distinct layer in a soil profile with different physical, chemical or biological characteristics
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topsoil
the upper soil layer, usually rich in organic matter and organisms
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subsoil
a lower soil layer with less organic matter and more mineral particles
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parent material
the rock or mineral material from which soil forms
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bedrock
solid rock beneath the soil
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humus
dark organic matter formed from decomposed plants and animals
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organic matter
material from living or once-living organisms in soil
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mineral particles
inorganic particles in soil formed from weathered rock
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soil texture
the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay in soil
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sand
large soil particles that allow rapid drainage
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silt
medium-sized soil particles that hold some water and nutrients
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clay
very small soil particles that hold water and nutrients strongly
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loam
a fertile soil with a balanced mixture of sand, silt, clay and organic matter
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soil structure
the arrangement of soil particles and pore spaces
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soil porosity
the amount of pore space in soil
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soil permeability
how easily water can pass through soil
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soil water
water stored in the spaces between soil particles
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soil air
air held in pore spaces within soil
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soil organisms
living organisms in soil such as bacteria, fungi, worms and insects
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decomposers
organisms that break down dead organic matter
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detritivores
organisms that feed on dead organic matter
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soil input
material entering a soil system
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soil output
material leaving a soil system
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soil transfer
movement of material within a soil system without chemical change
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soil transformation
a process that changes the form or chemical nature of material in soil
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percolation
the downward movement of water through soil
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leaching
the removal of dissolved nutrients from soil by moving water
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weathering
the breakdown of rock into smaller mineral particles
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decomposition
the breakdown of dead organic matter by soil organisms
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nutrient cycling
the movement and recycling of nutrients through soil and organisms
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soil fertility
the ability of soil to support plant growth by providing nutrients and water
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soil pH
a measure of how acidic or alkaline soil is
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soil succession
gradual change in soil properties and soil communities over time
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