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用語
定義
air pollution
contamination of indoor or outdoor air by harmful chemical, physical or biological agents
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particulate matter
tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in air
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PM
particulate matter
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PM2.5
fine particulate matter with diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less
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PM10
particulate matter with diameter of 10 micrometers or less
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nitrogen oxides
gases produced mainly by combustion that contribute to smog and acid rain
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NOx
nitrogen oxides
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sulfur dioxide
a gas mainly released from burning coal and oil that contributes to acid rain
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SO2
sulfur dioxide
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carbon monoxide
a toxic gas from incomplete combustion that reduces oxygen delivery in the body
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CO
carbon monoxide
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volatile organic compounds
organic gases that react with NOx in sunlight to form photochemical smog
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VOCs
volatile organic compounds
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primary pollutant
a pollutant emitted directly from a source
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secondary pollutant
a pollutant formed in the atmosphere by reactions between primary pollutants
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tropospheric ozone
ground-level ozone formed when sunlight reacts with NOx and VOCs
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ground-level ozone
ozone in the lower atmosphere that harms health and plants
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photochemical smog
air pollution formed when sunlight reacts with NOx and VOCs, producing ozone and PANs
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PANs
peroxyacyl nitrates, secondary pollutants that irritate eyes and damage vegetation
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acid rain
acidic precipitation formed from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reacting in the atmosphere
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acid deposition
the deposition of acidic substances from the atmosphere onto land or water
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wet deposition
acidic pollutants deposited through rain, snow or fog
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dry deposition
acidic particles or gases deposited without precipitation
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transboundary pollution
pollution that moves across political borders
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temperature inversion
a condition where warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground
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insolation
incoming solar radiation that drives photochemical reactions
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stagnant air
air with little movement, allowing pollutants to accumulate
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urban air quality
the condition of air in cities based on pollutant concentrations
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indoor air pollution
air pollution inside buildings, often from fuels, smoke, VOCs or poor ventilation
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tailpipe emission
pollution released from vehicle exhausts
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catalytic converter
a device in vehicle exhaust systems that reduces harmful emissions
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low emission zone
an area where high-emission vehicles are restricted
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LEZ
low emission zone
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public transit expansion
increasing buses, trains or trams to reduce private car use and emissions
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electric public transit
public transport powered by electricity instead of fossil fuels
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cycling infrastructure
bike lanes and facilities that encourage cycling and reduce vehicle emissions
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pedestrianized zone
an area closed to vehicles to reduce traffic and pollution
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natural screen
vegetation used to filter pollutants and reduce exposure
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urban green space
trees and vegetation in cities that can improve air quality and reduce heat
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lichen bioindicator
lichen species used to indicate air pollution levels
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acidification
the lowering of pH in soil or water
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leaching of nutrients
the removal of nutrients from soil by acidic water
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aluminium toxicity
harmful effects caused when acidic conditions release toxic aluminium ions
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respiratory illness
disease affecting breathing, often worsened by air pollution
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cardiovascular disease
disease of the heart or blood vessels linked to air pollution exposure
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