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用語
定義
water access
the ability of people or regions to obtain safe and adequate freshwater
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water availability
the amount of freshwater physically present in a region
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water security
reliable access to enough safe water for human needs, ecosystems and development
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water scarcity
a shortage of available freshwater relative to demand
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physical water scarcity
water scarcity caused by insufficient physical water supply
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economic water scarcity
water scarcity caused by lack of infrastructure, money or governance despite water being present
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freshwater supply
the amount of freshwater available for use
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freshwater contamination
pollution that makes freshwater unsafe or less usable
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adequate water supply
enough water of suitable quality for human and ecosystem needs
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water demand
the amount of water required by households, agriculture, industry or energy production
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water management
strategies used to control, supply or conserve freshwater resources
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rainwater harvesting
collecting and storing rainwater for later use
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desalinisation
removing salt from seawater to produce freshwater
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irrigation
artificially supplying water to crops
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drip irrigation
a water-efficient irrigation method that delivers water directly to plant roots
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water-efficient crops
crops that require less water to grow
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drought
a long period of unusually low rainfall
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climate change
long-term changes in climate that can affect rainfall, droughts and freshwater availability
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groundwater extraction
removing water from underground aquifers
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over-abstraction
removing water faster than it can be naturally replaced
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dam
a structure built to store or control water flow
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reservoir
an artificial lake used to store water
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technocentric viewpoint
a worldview that favours technological solutions to environmental problems
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ecocentric viewpoint
a worldview that prioritises ecosystems, natural limits and reduced human impact
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domestic water use
water used by households
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industrial water use
water used by factories and industries
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agricultural water use
water used for crops and livestock
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energy generation water use
water used in producing energy, such as cooling power stations
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water conservation
reducing water use and preventing waste
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water pricing
charging for water use to encourage conservation
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leakage reduction
reducing water lost from pipes and supply systems
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water recycling
treating and reusing wastewater
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greywater
relatively clean wastewater from sinks, showers or washing that can be reused
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