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用語
定義
climate
the long-term average weather conditions of a place over at least 30 years
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weather
the atmospheric conditions in a place at a particular time
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climate change
long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns
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anthropogenic cause
a cause resulting from human activities
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greenhouse effect
the process where greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere
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enhanced greenhouse effect
the increase in heat trapped due to human greenhouse gas emissions
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greenhouse gas
a gas that absorbs and re-radiates heat in the atmosphere
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carbon dioxide
a greenhouse gas mainly released by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation
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methane
a powerful greenhouse gas released by livestock, wetlands and landfills
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nitrous oxide
a greenhouse gas released from agriculture and combustion
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fossil fuel combustion
burning coal, oil or gas, releasing carbon dioxide
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deforestation
removal of forests, reducing carbon sinks and releasing carbon dioxide
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carbon sink
a store that absorbs more carbon than it releases
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carbon source
a process or store that releases more carbon than it absorbs
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positive correlation
a relationship where two variables increase together
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proxy data
indirect evidence used to reconstruct past climate conditions
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ice core
a cylinder of ice containing trapped air bubbles that show past atmospheric conditions
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tree rings
rings in trees used to infer past climate conditions
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sediment core
a sample from lake or ocean sediments used to study past environments
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temperature anomaly
the difference between observed temperature and a long-term average
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positive feedback
a process where an initial change is amplified
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ice-albedo feedback
a feedback where melting ice lowers albedo and increases warming
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permafrost
permanently frozen ground
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permafrost thawing
melting of frozen ground that can release methane and carbon dioxide
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tipping point
a threshold where small changes can cause large and often irreversible shifts
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ecosystem resilience
the ability of an ecosystem to recover after disturbance
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sea-level rise
the increase in average ocean level due to melting ice and thermal expansion
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saltwater intrusion
movement of saltwater into freshwater systems
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extreme weather
unusual or severe weather events such as heatwaves, floods or storms
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heatwave
a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures
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vector-borne disease
a disease spread by organisms such as mosquitoes or ticks
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water scarcity
a shortage of available freshwater relative to demand
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climate refugee
a person forced to move because of climate-related impacts
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climate justice
fairness in responsibility for climate change and vulnerability to its impacts
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planetary boundary
a threshold beyond which Earth systems may become unstable or irreversible
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radiative forcing
the difference between incoming solar energy and outgoing energy from Earth
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climate model
a mathematical model used to simulate and predict climate conditions
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global climate model
a model that simulates interactions in the global climate system
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scenario
a possible future pathway based on assumptions about emissions and society
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RCP
a climate scenario based on different greenhouse gas concentration pathways
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SSP
a scenario describing possible future socioeconomic pathways and emissions
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hindcasting
testing a climate model by running it against past climate data
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tipping cascade
a chain reaction where one tipping point triggers others
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biotic tipping point
a tipping point involving living systems such as forests or coral reefs
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abiotic tipping point
a tipping point involving non-living systems such as ice sheets or ocean circulation
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vulnerability
the degree to which people or systems are likely to be harmed by climate change
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adaptive capacity
the ability to adjust to climate impacts and reduce harm
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