ESS chap6.2

47 単語

単語一覧(47)

climatethe long-term average weather conditions of a place over at least 30 years

weatherthe atmospheric conditions in a place at a particular time

climate changelong-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns

anthropogenic causea cause resulting from human activities

greenhouse effectthe process where greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere

enhanced greenhouse effectthe increase in heat trapped due to human greenhouse gas emissions

greenhouse gasa gas that absorbs and re-radiates heat in the atmosphere

carbon dioxidea greenhouse gas mainly released by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation

methanea powerful greenhouse gas released by livestock, wetlands and landfills

nitrous oxidea greenhouse gas released from agriculture and combustion

fossil fuel combustionburning coal, oil or gas, releasing carbon dioxide

deforestationremoval of forests, reducing carbon sinks and releasing carbon dioxide

carbon sinka store that absorbs more carbon than it releases

carbon sourcea process or store that releases more carbon than it absorbs

positive correlationa relationship where two variables increase together

proxy dataindirect evidence used to reconstruct past climate conditions

ice corea cylinder of ice containing trapped air bubbles that show past atmospheric conditions

tree ringsrings in trees used to infer past climate conditions

sediment corea sample from lake or ocean sediments used to study past environments

temperature anomalythe difference between observed temperature and a long-term average

positive feedbacka process where an initial change is amplified

ice-albedo feedbacka feedback where melting ice lowers albedo and increases warming

permafrostpermanently frozen ground

permafrost thawingmelting of frozen ground that can release methane and carbon dioxide

tipping pointa threshold where small changes can cause large and often irreversible shifts

ecosystem resiliencethe ability of an ecosystem to recover after disturbance

sea-level risethe increase in average ocean level due to melting ice and thermal expansion

saltwater intrusionmovement of saltwater into freshwater systems

extreme weatherunusual or severe weather events such as heatwaves, floods or storms

heatwavea prolonged period of unusually high temperatures

vector-borne diseasea disease spread by organisms such as mosquitoes or ticks

water scarcitya shortage of available freshwater relative to demand

climate refugeea person forced to move because of climate-related impacts

climate justicefairness in responsibility for climate change and vulnerability to its impacts

planetary boundarya threshold beyond which Earth systems may become unstable or irreversible

radiative forcingthe difference between incoming solar energy and outgoing energy from Earth

climate modela mathematical model used to simulate and predict climate conditions

global climate modela model that simulates interactions in the global climate system

scenarioa possible future pathway based on assumptions about emissions and society

RCPa climate scenario based on different greenhouse gas concentration pathways

SSPa scenario describing possible future socioeconomic pathways and emissions

hindcastingtesting a climate model by running it against past climate data

tipping cascadea chain reaction where one tipping point triggers others

biotic tipping pointa tipping point involving living systems such as forests or coral reefs

abiotic tipping pointa tipping point involving non-living systems such as ice sheets or ocean circulation

vulnerabilitythe degree to which people or systems are likely to be harmed by climate change

adaptive capacitythe ability to adjust to climate impacts and reduce harm