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用語
定義
human population
the number of humans living in a defined area
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population dynamics
changes in population size and structure over time
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population reservoir
a population viewed as a storage within a system
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population input
a factor that increases population size
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population output
a factor that decreases population size
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births
the main input to a human population
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deaths
the main output from a human population
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crude birth rate
the number of births per 1,000 people per year
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CBR
crude birth rate
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crude death rate
the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
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CDR
crude death rate
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immigration
the movement of people into a country or region
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immigration rate
the number of immigrants per 1,000 people per year
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emigration
the movement of people out of a country or region
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emigration rate
the number of emigrants per 1,000 people per year
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migration
the movement of people from one place to another
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natural increase rate
the rate of population growth excluding migration
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NIR
natural increase rate
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total fertility rate
the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime
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TFR
total fertility rate
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replacement level
the fertility rate needed to keep a population stable without migration
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doubling time
the number of years it takes for a population to double at its current growth rate
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rule of 70
a method for estimating doubling time by dividing 70 by growth rate percentage
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life expectancy
the average number of years a person is expected to live from birth
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HDI
Human Development Index
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Human Development Index
a measure of development combining life expectancy, education and income
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HIC
high-income country
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MIC
middle-income country
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LIC
low-income country
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anti-natalist policy
a policy designed to reduce birth rates
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pro-natalist policy
a policy designed to increase birth rates
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population policy
a government policy designed to influence population growth or migration
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direct population policy
a policy that directly targets birth rates or migration
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indirect population policy
a policy that influences population growth through education, healthcare, welfare or development
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family planning
methods and services that help people control the number and timing of children
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contraception
methods used to prevent pregnancy
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age-sex pyramid
a graph showing the age and sex structure of a population
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population pyramid
another name for an age-sex pyramid
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pre-reproductive group
people aged roughly 0 to 14 who are not yet of reproductive age
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reproductive group
people aged roughly 15 to 44 who are of reproductive age
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post-reproductive group
people aged roughly 45 and older
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dependency ratio
the ratio of dependents to the working-age population
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young-age dependency
the burden of children on the working-age population
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old-age dependency
the burden of elderly people on the working-age population
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population momentum
continued population growth after fertility declines due to a large young population
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demographic transition model
a model showing how birth and death rates change as a country develops
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DTM
demographic transition model
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rapid growth pyramid
a population pyramid with a wide base showing high birth rates and rapid growth
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stable growth pyramid
a population pyramid with similar lower age groups showing slow or stable growth
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declining growth pyramid
a population pyramid with a narrow base showing low birth rates and population decline
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environmental migration
movement of people caused by environmental change or degradation
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environmental emergency migrant
a person temporarily displaced by sudden environmental events
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environmental forced migrant
a person forced to leave because of environmental deterioration
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environmental motivated migrant
a person who chooses to move to avoid future environmental risks
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