ESS chap8.1
54 単語
単語一覧(54)
human populationthe number of humans living in a defined area
population dynamicschanges in population size and structure over time
population reservoira population viewed as a storage within a system
population inputa factor that increases population size
population outputa factor that decreases population size
birthsthe main input to a human population
deathsthe main output from a human population
crude birth ratethe number of births per 1,000 people per year
CBRcrude birth rate
crude death ratethe number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
CDRcrude death rate
immigrationthe movement of people into a country or region
immigration ratethe number of immigrants per 1,000 people per year
emigrationthe movement of people out of a country or region
emigration ratethe number of emigrants per 1,000 people per year
migrationthe movement of people from one place to another
natural increase ratethe rate of population growth excluding migration
NIRnatural increase rate
total fertility ratethe average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime
TFRtotal fertility rate
replacement levelthe fertility rate needed to keep a population stable without migration
doubling timethe number of years it takes for a population to double at its current growth rate
rule of 70a method for estimating doubling time by dividing 70 by growth rate percentage
life expectancythe average number of years a person is expected to live from birth
HDIHuman Development Index
Human Development Indexa measure of development combining life expectancy, education and income
HIChigh-income country
MICmiddle-income country
LIClow-income country
anti-natalist policya policy designed to reduce birth rates
pro-natalist policya policy designed to increase birth rates
population policya government policy designed to influence population growth or migration
direct population policya policy that directly targets birth rates or migration
indirect population policya policy that influences population growth through education, healthcare, welfare or development
family planningmethods and services that help people control the number and timing of children
contraceptionmethods used to prevent pregnancy
age-sex pyramida graph showing the age and sex structure of a population
population pyramidanother name for an age-sex pyramid
pre-reproductive grouppeople aged roughly 0 to 14 who are not yet of reproductive age
reproductive grouppeople aged roughly 15 to 44 who are of reproductive age
post-reproductive grouppeople aged roughly 45 and older
dependency ratiothe ratio of dependents to the working-age population
young-age dependencythe burden of children on the working-age population
old-age dependencythe burden of elderly people on the working-age population
population momentumcontinued population growth after fertility declines due to a large young population
demographic transition modela model showing how birth and death rates change as a country develops
DTMdemographic transition model
rapid growth pyramida population pyramid with a wide base showing high birth rates and rapid growth
stable growth pyramida population pyramid with similar lower age groups showing slow or stable growth
declining growth pyramida population pyramid with a narrow base showing low birth rates and population decline
environmental migrationmovement of people caused by environmental change or degradation
environmental emergency migranta person temporarily displaced by sudden environmental events
environmental forced migranta person forced to leave because of environmental deterioration
environmental motivated migranta person who chooses to move to avoid future environmental risks