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用語
定義
Perspective
A way in which a particular situation is viewed and understood by an individual or group.
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Worldview
A person’s or group’s overall way of understanding the world, based on values, beliefs and experiences.
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Value
A belief about what is important or desirable.
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Belief
An idea that a person accepts as true.
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Opinion
A personal view or judgement about an issue.
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Assumption
Something accepted as true without proof.
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Bias
A tendency to favour one view or group, which may make judgement less objective.
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Culture
The shared beliefs, values, customs and behaviours of a group of people.
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Sociocultural norm
A shared expectation or accepted behaviour within a society or culture.
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Economic status
A person’s or group’s financial position in society.
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Ethical belief
A belief about what is morally right or wrong.
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Environmental value system
A worldview that shapes how people perceive and respond to environmental issues.
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Ecocentric
A perspective that gives high value to nature and believes humans should live within ecological limits.
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Anthropocentric
A perspective that focuses on human needs and believes humans should manage nature sustainably.
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Technocentric
A perspective that believes technology and innovation can solve environmental problems.
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Cornucopian
A very optimistic technocentric view that believes human innovation can overcome resource limits.
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Deep ecologist
A strongly ecocentric view that believes nature has intrinsic value and humans should reduce their impact.
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Intrinsic value
The value something has in itself, regardless of its usefulness to humans.
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Instrumental value
The value something has because it is useful to humans.
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Stewardship
The responsible management and care of the environment.
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Environmental issue
A problem involving human interaction with the natural environment.
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Decision-making
The process of choosing actions based on information, values and perspectives.
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Justification
A reason or evidence used to support a viewpoint or decision.
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Stakeholder
A person or group affected by or interested in an issue.
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Conflict
A disagreement between different groups, interests or perspectives.
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Compromise
An agreement where different sides each give up something to reach a solution.
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System
A set of interacting or interdependent components.
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Component
A part or element within a system.
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Interaction
A connection or relationship between components in a system.
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Interdependence
A situation where components depend on each other.
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Input
Matter, energy or information entering a system.
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Output
Matter, energy or information leaving a system.
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Storage
A place or component where matter or energy is kept within a system.
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Flow
The movement of matter, energy or information between storages or components.
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Transfer
Movement of matter or energy from one place to another without changing its form.
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Transformation
A change in the form or state of matter or energy.
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Boundary
The limit that separates a system from its surroundings.
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Open system
A system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings.
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Closed system
A system that exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.
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Isolated system
A system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings.
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Model
A simplified representation of a real system used to understand or predict it.
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Systems approach
A way of studying complex issues by looking at interactions between parts of a system.
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Holistic
Considering the whole system rather than only individual parts.
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Emergent property
A property that appears from interactions between parts of a system and cannot be seen in the parts alone.
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Feedback
A process where the output of a system affects its future behaviour.
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Positive feedback
Feedback that amplifies an initial change and moves the system further from equilibrium.
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Negative feedback
Feedback that counteracts an initial change and helps maintain stability.
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Equilibrium
A state where inputs and outputs are balanced.
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Dynamic equilibrium
A stable state in which flows continue but the overall system remains balanced.
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Stability
The ability of a system to remain unchanged or return to its original state after disturbance.
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Resilience
The ability of a system to recover after disturbance.
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Tipping point
A threshold where a small change can cause a large and possibly irreversible shift in a system.
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Threshold
The point at which a system changes state or behaviour.
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Complexity
The degree to which a system has many interacting parts.
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Scale
The size or level at which a system or issue is studied.
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Sustainability
The ability to meet present needs without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
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Sustainable development
Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations.
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Unsustainable
Using resources or managing systems in a way that cannot continue long term.
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Natural capital
Natural resources and ecosystem assets that provide value to humans.
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Natural income
The sustainable yield or services produced by natural capital.
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Socio-ecological system
A system involving interactions between human society and the natural environment.
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Environmental sustainability
Maintaining natural systems and resources so they can continue into the future.
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Social sustainability
Maintaining human wellbeing, fairness and community stability over time.
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Economic sustainability
Maintaining economic activity and livelihoods without exhausting resources.
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Three pillars of sustainability
The environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability.
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Sustainable yield
The amount of a resource that can be used without reducing its long-term availability.
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Carrying capacity
The maximum population size an environment can support sustainably.
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Ecological footprint
The area of land and water needed to supply resources and absorb wastes for a person or population.
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Biocapacity
The ability of an ecosystem to produce resources and absorb waste.
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Overshoot
A situation where resource use exceeds the environment’s capacity to regenerate or absorb waste.
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Environmental indicator
A measurable factor used to assess environmental conditions or change.
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Sustainability indicator
A measurable factor used to assess progress toward sustainability.
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Environmental justice
Fair treatment of all people in relation to environmental benefits and burdens.
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Equity
Fairness in the distribution of resources, opportunities and impacts.
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Intergenerational equity
Fairness between present and future generations.
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Intragenerational equity
Fairness among people living today.
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Planetary boundaries
Limits within which humanity can operate safely without destabilising Earth systems.
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Ecological limit
The maximum level of use or impact an ecosystem can tolerate without serious damage.
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Resource depletion
The reduction or exhaustion of natural resources.
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Pollution
The addition of a substance or energy to the environment faster than it can be made harmless.
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Biodiversity
The variety of living organisms, including species, genetic and ecosystem diversity.
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Ecosystem service
A benefit that humans obtain from ecosystems.
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Provisioning service
A product obtained from ecosystems, such as food, water or timber.
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Regulating service
A natural process that controls environmental conditions, such as climate regulation or flood control.
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Cultural service
A non-material benefit from ecosystems, such as recreation, education or spiritual value.
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Supporting service
A natural process that supports other ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling or soil formation.
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Environmental impact
The effect of human activity or natural change on the environment.
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Environmental degradation
The deterioration of environmental quality.
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Conservation
The protection and management of natural resources and ecosystems.
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Restoration
The process of repairing a damaged ecosystem.
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Mitigation
Actions that reduce the causes or severity of an environmental problem.
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Adaptation
Adjustments made to reduce harm from environmental change.
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Precautionary principle
The idea that action should be taken to prevent harm even when full scientific certainty is lacking.
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