ESS chap1
93 単語
単語一覧(93)
PerspectiveA way in which a particular situation is viewed and understood by an individual or group.
WorldviewA person’s or group’s overall way of understanding the world, based on values, beliefs and experiences.
ValueA belief about what is important or desirable.
BeliefAn idea that a person accepts as true.
OpinionA personal view or judgement about an issue.
AssumptionSomething accepted as true without proof.
BiasA tendency to favour one view or group, which may make judgement less objective.
CultureThe shared beliefs, values, customs and behaviours of a group of people.
Sociocultural normA shared expectation or accepted behaviour within a society or culture.
Economic statusA person’s or group’s financial position in society.
Ethical beliefA belief about what is morally right or wrong.
Environmental value systemA worldview that shapes how people perceive and respond to environmental issues.
EcocentricA perspective that gives high value to nature and believes humans should live within ecological limits.
AnthropocentricA perspective that focuses on human needs and believes humans should manage nature sustainably.
TechnocentricA perspective that believes technology and innovation can solve environmental problems.
CornucopianA very optimistic technocentric view that believes human innovation can overcome resource limits.
Deep ecologistA strongly ecocentric view that believes nature has intrinsic value and humans should reduce their impact.
Intrinsic valueThe value something has in itself, regardless of its usefulness to humans.
Instrumental valueThe value something has because it is useful to humans.
StewardshipThe responsible management and care of the environment.
Environmental issueA problem involving human interaction with the natural environment.
Decision-makingThe process of choosing actions based on information, values and perspectives.
JustificationA reason or evidence used to support a viewpoint or decision.
StakeholderA person or group affected by or interested in an issue.
ConflictA disagreement between different groups, interests or perspectives.
CompromiseAn agreement where different sides each give up something to reach a solution.
SystemA set of interacting or interdependent components.
ComponentA part or element within a system.
InteractionA connection or relationship between components in a system.
InterdependenceA situation where components depend on each other.
InputMatter, energy or information entering a system.
OutputMatter, energy or information leaving a system.
StorageA place or component where matter or energy is kept within a system.
FlowThe movement of matter, energy or information between storages or components.
TransferMovement of matter or energy from one place to another without changing its form.
TransformationA change in the form or state of matter or energy.
BoundaryThe limit that separates a system from its surroundings.
Open systemA system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings.
Closed systemA system that exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.
Isolated systemA system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings.
ModelA simplified representation of a real system used to understand or predict it.
Systems approachA way of studying complex issues by looking at interactions between parts of a system.
HolisticConsidering the whole system rather than only individual parts.
Emergent propertyA property that appears from interactions between parts of a system and cannot be seen in the parts alone.
FeedbackA process where the output of a system affects its future behaviour.
Positive feedbackFeedback that amplifies an initial change and moves the system further from equilibrium.
Negative feedbackFeedback that counteracts an initial change and helps maintain stability.
EquilibriumA state where inputs and outputs are balanced.
Dynamic equilibriumA stable state in which flows continue but the overall system remains balanced.
StabilityThe ability of a system to remain unchanged or return to its original state after disturbance.
ResilienceThe ability of a system to recover after disturbance.
Tipping pointA threshold where a small change can cause a large and possibly irreversible shift in a system.
ThresholdThe point at which a system changes state or behaviour.
ComplexityThe degree to which a system has many interacting parts.
ScaleThe size or level at which a system or issue is studied.
SustainabilityThe ability to meet present needs without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets present needs without compromising future generations.
UnsustainableUsing resources or managing systems in a way that cannot continue long term.
Natural capitalNatural resources and ecosystem assets that provide value to humans.
Natural incomeThe sustainable yield or services produced by natural capital.
Socio-ecological systemA system involving interactions between human society and the natural environment.
Environmental sustainabilityMaintaining natural systems and resources so they can continue into the future.
Social sustainabilityMaintaining human wellbeing, fairness and community stability over time.
Economic sustainabilityMaintaining economic activity and livelihoods without exhausting resources.
Three pillars of sustainabilityThe environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability.
Sustainable yieldThe amount of a resource that can be used without reducing its long-term availability.
Carrying capacityThe maximum population size an environment can support sustainably.
Ecological footprintThe area of land and water needed to supply resources and absorb wastes for a person or population.
BiocapacityThe ability of an ecosystem to produce resources and absorb waste.
OvershootA situation where resource use exceeds the environment’s capacity to regenerate or absorb waste.
Environmental indicatorA measurable factor used to assess environmental conditions or change.
Sustainability indicatorA measurable factor used to assess progress toward sustainability.
Environmental justiceFair treatment of all people in relation to environmental benefits and burdens.
EquityFairness in the distribution of resources, opportunities and impacts.
Intergenerational equityFairness between present and future generations.
Intragenerational equityFairness among people living today.
Planetary boundariesLimits within which humanity can operate safely without destabilising Earth systems.
Ecological limitThe maximum level of use or impact an ecosystem can tolerate without serious damage.
Resource depletionThe reduction or exhaustion of natural resources.
PollutionThe addition of a substance or energy to the environment faster than it can be made harmless.
BiodiversityThe variety of living organisms, including species, genetic and ecosystem diversity.
Ecosystem serviceA benefit that humans obtain from ecosystems.
Provisioning serviceA product obtained from ecosystems, such as food, water or timber.
Regulating serviceA natural process that controls environmental conditions, such as climate regulation or flood control.
Cultural serviceA non-material benefit from ecosystems, such as recreation, education or spiritual value.
Supporting serviceA natural process that supports other ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling or soil formation.
Environmental impactThe effect of human activity or natural change on the environment.
Environmental degradationThe deterioration of environmental quality.
ConservationThe protection and management of natural resources and ecosystems.
RestorationThe process of repairing a damaged ecosystem.
MitigationActions that reduce the causes or severity of an environmental problem.
AdaptationAdjustments made to reduce harm from environmental change.
Precautionary principleThe idea that action should be taken to prevent harm even when full scientific certainty is lacking.