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定義
agriculture
the practice of growing crops or raising animals for food and other products
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food production system
a system used to produce, process and distribute food
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food security
reliable access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food
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food availability
the physical supply of food in a region
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food access
the ability of people to obtain or afford food
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food utilisation
the ability to use food safely and nutritionally
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food stability
reliable food supply and access over time
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food insecurity
lack of reliable access to enough safe and nutritious food
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commercial farming
farming mainly for sale and profit
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subsistence farming
farming mainly to feed the farmer and their family
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industrialised agriculture
large-scale farming using machinery, chemicals and high inputs
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traditional agriculture
farming methods based on local knowledge, labour and lower external inputs
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monoculture
growing one crop species over a large area
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polyculture
growing multiple crop species in the same area
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crop yield
the amount of crop produced per unit area
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dependable food supply
a food supply that is reliable and stable over time
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unsustainable agriculture
farming that damages ecosystems or reduces long-term productivity
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sustainable agriculture
farming that maintains productivity while reducing environmental damage
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biodiversity loss
a decline in the variety of species, genes or ecosystems
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habitat loss
destruction or removal of habitats
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hedgerow
a line of shrubs or trees separating fields
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staggered hedgerow cutting
cutting different hedgerows in different years to maintain habitat availability
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soil degradation
decline in soil quality or fertility
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soil erosion
removal of soil by wind, water or human activity
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desertification
land degradation in dry areas causing soil to become less productive and desert-like
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marginal land
land with low agricultural productivity due to poor soil, climate, slope or water availability
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soil conservation
methods used to protect soil from erosion and degradation
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soil conditioning
improving soil quality by adding materials such as compost or organic matter
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compost
decomposed organic matter added to soil to improve fertility
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manure
animal waste used as fertiliser
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crop rotation
growing different crops in sequence to maintain soil fertility and reduce pests
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cover crop
a crop grown to protect soil and reduce erosion
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terracing
creating stepped fields on slopes to reduce run-off and soil erosion
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contour ploughing
ploughing along slope contours to reduce run-off and erosion
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windbreak
a row of trees or shrubs used to reduce wind erosion
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mulching
covering soil with organic material to reduce evaporation and erosion
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fallow land
farmland left unused for a period of time
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arable land
land used for growing crops
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pastoral farming
farming focused on raising livestock
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mixed farming
farming that combines crops and livestock
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cattle farming
raising cattle for meat or dairy
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methane emissions
release of methane, often from livestock digestion
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overgrazing
grazing too many animals, reducing vegetation cover and damaging soil
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fertiliser
a substance added to soil to increase nutrient availability
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pesticide
a chemical used to kill pests
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irrigation
artificial supply of water to crops
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salinisation
build-up of salts in soil, often caused by poor irrigation
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food waste
food that is produced but not consumed
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LEDC
less economically developed country
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MEDC
more economically developed country
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post-harvest loss
food lost after harvesting due to poor storage, transport or processing
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storage infrastructure
facilities used to store food safely
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transport infrastructure
systems used to move food from producers to consumers
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consumer waste
food wasted by consumers after purchase
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overproduction
producing more food than is needed or sold
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desertification risk
the likelihood that land will become degraded and desert-like
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landslide
rapid movement of soil or rock down a slope
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soil stabilisation
methods used to hold soil in place and reduce erosion
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