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用語
定義
electromagnetic spectrum
the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation
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ultraviolet radiation
high-energy radiation from the Sun with wavelengths shorter than visible light
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UV radiation
ultraviolet radiation
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UVA
the least harmful type of ultraviolet radiation that is not absorbed by ozone
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UVB
ultraviolet radiation partly absorbed by ozone that can cause sunburn and skin cancer
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UVC
the most dangerous ultraviolet radiation, almost completely absorbed by ozone and oxygen
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stratospheric ozone
ozone found in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation
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ozone layer
a region of the stratosphere with high ozone concentration
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ozone
O₃, a molecule made of three oxygen atoms
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oxygen molecule
O₂, a molecule made of two oxygen atoms
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oxygen atom
O, a single oxygen atom
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ozone formation
the process where UV radiation splits O₂ and oxygen atoms combine with O₂ to form O₃
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ozone destruction
the breakdown of O₃ into O₂ and O
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dynamic equilibrium
a balance where ozone formation and destruction occur at similar rates
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ozone depletion
the thinning or reduction of the stratospheric ozone layer
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ozone hole
a severe seasonal thinning of the ozone layer, especially over Antarctica
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ozone-depleting substance
a chemical that destroys stratospheric ozone
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ODS
ozone-depleting substance
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CFC
chlorofluorocarbon, an ozone-depleting substance formerly used in refrigerants and aerosols
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HCFC
hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a replacement for CFCs that still harms ozone
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HFC
hydrofluorocarbon, a replacement that does not deplete ozone but is a strong greenhouse gas
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halon
an ozone-depleting substance used in fire extinguishers
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methyl bromide
an ozone-depleting pesticide
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carbon tetrachloride
an ozone-depleting chemical formerly used as a cleaning substance
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chlorine radical
a reactive chlorine atom that catalyzes ozone destruction
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catalytic cycle
a reaction cycle where one substance repeatedly causes a reaction without being used up
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polar stratospheric cloud
a cloud forming in very cold stratospheric conditions that helps activate chlorine compounds
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PSC
polar stratospheric cloud
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polar ozone depletion
ozone depletion that occurs strongly in polar regions
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Antarctic ozone hole
seasonal ozone depletion over Antarctica
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Dobson unit
a unit used to measure total ozone in the atmosphere
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Montreal Protocol
an international agreement adopted in 1987 to phase out ozone-depleting substances
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Kigali Amendment
an amendment to the Montreal Protocol aiming to phase down HFCs
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precautionary principle
taking action to prevent harm even when scientific certainty is incomplete
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ozone recovery
the gradual increase of ozone levels after reductions in ozone-depleting substances
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passive cooling
building design that reduces heat without mechanical air conditioning
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natural ventilation
building design that uses airflow to cool indoor spaces
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urban greening
planting trees and creating green spaces to reduce urban heat
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green roof
a roof covered with vegetation that can cool buildings and cities
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urban heat island
the effect where cities are warmer than surrounding rural areas
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natural refrigerant
a refrigerant such as ammonia, hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide with lower environmental impact
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