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用語
定義
solid waste
solid materials discarded by humans after use
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solid domestic waste
solid waste produced by households and daily domestic activities
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SDW
solid domestic waste
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domestic waste
waste from households, such as food scraps, packaging, paper and plastics
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industrial waste
waste from manufacturing or industrial processes
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agricultural waste
waste from farming, such as manure, crop residues, pesticides and fertilisers
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e-waste
discarded electronic devices and components
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food waste
food that is produced or bought but not eaten
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biohazardous waste
waste that can spread infection or cause health risks
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hazardous waste
waste that is dangerous to humans or ecosystems
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toxic waste
waste that contains poisonous substances
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biodegradable waste
waste that can be broken down by decomposers
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non-biodegradable waste
waste that cannot be easily broken down by natural processes
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waste generation
the production of waste by individuals, industries or societies
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waste composition
the types and proportions of materials in waste
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landfill
a site where waste is buried
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incineration
burning waste to reduce its volume
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waste-to-energy
burning or processing waste to generate usable energy
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recycling
recovering and reusing materials to reduce waste and resource use
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composting
the breakdown of organic waste into nutrient-rich compost
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anaerobic digestion
breakdown of biodegradable matter by microorganisms without oxygen
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methane emissions
release of methane, often from decomposing organic waste in landfills
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leachate
polluted liquid that drains from waste, especially landfills
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plastic pollution
pollution caused by plastic waste in the environment
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microplastic
tiny plastic particles that can be ingested by organisms
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single-use plastic
plastic designed to be used once and then thrown away
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persistent organic pollutant
a long-lasting pollutant that can bioaccumulate and biomagnify
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POP
persistent organic pollutant
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radioactive waste
waste containing radioactive materials
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half-life
the time taken for half of a pollutant or radioactive substance to decay
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waste absorption capacity
the ability of ecosystems to process or absorb waste without harmful effects
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preventative strategy
a strategy that reduces waste or pollution before it is produced
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restorative strategy
a strategy that cleans up or repairs damage after pollution has occurred
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source reduction
reducing waste at the point where it is produced
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reuse
using a product again instead of discarding it
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repair
fixing a product so it can continue to be used
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remanufacturing
rebuilding used products or components into usable products
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extended producer responsibility
a policy requiring producers to manage the environmental impacts of their products after use
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EPR
extended producer responsibility
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pay-as-you-throw
a system where households pay according to how much waste they produce
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waste disposal tax
a tax on waste disposal to encourage reduction, reuse and recycling
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mandatory recycling
a law requiring people or businesses to separate recyclable waste
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waste sorting
separating waste into different categories for recycling or disposal
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resource recovery
recovering useful materials or energy from waste
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circular economy
an economic model that minimizes waste by keeping materials in use
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linear economy
an economic model based on take, make, use and dispose
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global waste trade
the movement of waste between countries, often from high-income to low-income countries
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informal recycling
unregulated recycling often carried out in poor or unsafe conditions
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environmental injustice
unfair distribution of environmental harms among different social groups
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Basel Convention
an international agreement controlling the movement of hazardous waste between countries
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