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用語
定義
water pollution
the contamination of water bodies by harmful substances or energy
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aquatic pollution
pollution that affects freshwater or marine ecosystems
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point source pollution
pollution released from a single identifiable source
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non-point source pollution
pollution from diffuse sources that are difficult to identify precisely
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nutrient pollution
pollution caused by excess nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates
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nitrate
a nutrient from fertilisers that can cause eutrophication
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phosphate
a nutrient often found in fertilisers and detergents that can cause eutrophication
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fertiliser run-off
fertiliser washed from land into water bodies
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raw sewage
untreated human waste released into water
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sewage treatment
processing sewage to remove pollutants before discharge
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eutrophication
excess nutrients causing rapid plant or algal growth and oxygen depletion
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algal bloom
rapid growth of algae due to excess nutrients
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dissolved oxygen
oxygen dissolved in water and available for aquatic organisms
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oxygen depletion
a reduction in dissolved oxygen in water
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biochemical oxygen demand
the amount of oxygen needed by decomposers to break down organic matter in water
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BOD
biochemical oxygen demand
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turbidity
the cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles
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Secchi disk
a disk used to measure water transparency or turbidity
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water quality
the chemical, physical and biological condition of water
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indicator species
a species whose presence or absence indicates environmental conditions
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bioindicator
an organism used to monitor environmental quality
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plastic pollution
plastic waste entering and damaging ecosystems
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microplastics
tiny plastic particles that can be ingested by organisms
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acid rain
rainfall made acidic by pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
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sulfur dioxide
a pollutant from burning fossil fuels that can cause acid rain
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pesticide
a chemical used to kill pests that can pollute water and bioaccumulate
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bioaccumulation
the build-up of a pollutant in an organism over time
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biomagnification
the increase in pollutant concentration at higher trophic levels
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mineral ions
dissolved inorganic ions such as nitrates and phosphates
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decomposer
an organism that breaks down dead organic matter
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aerobic respiration
respiration using oxygen to release energy
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positive feedback
a process where a change causes effects that amplify the original change
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pollution management
strategies used to prevent, reduce or clean up pollution
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pollution prevention
changing human activity to stop pollutants being produced
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pollution control
regulating or reducing pollutant release at the source
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pollution clean-up
removing pollutants and restoring ecosystems after pollution has occurred
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restoration
returning a damaged ecosystem closer to its original condition
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