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定義
species loss
the decline or disappearance of species from an ecosystem
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human impact
the effect of human activities on ecosystems or biodiversity
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habitat destruction
the damage or removal of habitats, causing species decline
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habitat fragmentation
the breaking up of a large habitat into smaller isolated patches
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overexploitation
using a species or resource faster than it can recover
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overhunting
hunting animals at a rate that causes population decline
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overfishing
catching fish faster than populations can reproduce
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deforestation
the removal or cutting down of forests
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tropical deforestation
the removal of forests in tropical biomes
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logging
cutting down trees for timber or paper
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cattle ranching
clearing land to raise cattle
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plantation agriculture
clearing land to grow commercial crops such as palm oil, soy or rubber
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slash-and-burn
cutting and burning vegetation to clear land for farming
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conservation status
the risk level of a species becoming extinct
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IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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IUCN Red List
a global list that evaluates the conservation status of species
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endangered species
a species at high risk of extinction in the wild
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critically endangered
a species facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
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extinct in the wild
a species that survives only in captivity or cultivation
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population size
the number of individuals in a population
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population trend
whether a population is increasing, decreasing or stable
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geographic range
the area where a species is found
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breeding rate
the rate at which a species produces offspring
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gestation period
the time between fertilization and birth in mammals
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reproductive rate
the speed at which a species can produce offspring
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specialist species
a species with a narrow niche or specific habitat/food requirements
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generalist species
a species that can survive in a wide range of habitats or use many food sources
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ex-situ conservation
conservation of a species outside its natural habitat
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in-situ conservation
conservation of a species within its natural habitat
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captive breeding
breeding endangered species in controlled environments such as zoos
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botanic garden
a place where plants are grown and conserved outside their natural habitat
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seed bank
a facility that stores seeds to conserve plant genetic material
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reintroduction
returning a species to its natural habitat after conservation or breeding
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invasive species
a non-native species that spreads and causes harm in a new ecosystem
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native species
a species that occurs naturally in an area
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non-native species
a species introduced to an area where it does not naturally occur
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introduced species
a species brought into a new area by humans, accidentally or intentionally
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competitive advantage
an advantage that allows one species to outcompete another
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interspecific competition
competition between different species
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crop planting time
the season or timing when crops are planted
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hedgerow
a line of shrubs or trees separating fields
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field merging
combining smaller fields into larger fields, often by removing hedgerows
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organic farming
farming that avoids synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers
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chemical insecticide
a chemical used to kill insect pests
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farmland birds
bird species that live in or depend on agricultural landscapes
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vertebrate
an animal with a backbone
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invertebrate
an animal without a backbone
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charismatic species
a species that attracts public attention and conservation funding
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illegal wildlife trade
illegal capture, sale or transport of wild species
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poaching
illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals
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captivity
the condition of being kept outside the wild under human control
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small population effect
the higher extinction risk caused by very small population size
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inbreeding
breeding between closely related individuals, reducing genetic diversity
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tragedy of the commons
a situation where individuals overuse a shared resource for personal gain, causing long-term damage
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exploitation
the use of natural resources for economic benefit
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sustainable development
development that meets human needs while protecting resources for the future
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conservation conflict
a disagreement between economic development, resource use and biodiversity protection
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