ESS chap8.2
43 単語
単語一覧(43)
urban areaa built-up area with high population density, buildings and infrastructure
citya large densely populated urban area with extensive infrastructure
towna smaller urban area than a city, often serving local trade and services
suburba lower-density residential area on the outskirts of a city
rural areaan area with low population density and limited infrastructure
urban ecosysteman urban area viewed as a system with abiotic, biotic and human components
urban systema set of interacting urban components such as buildings, transport, people, energy, water and waste
urban storea place where matter, energy or people are held within an urban system
urban flowthe movement of matter, energy, people or information through an urban system
urban inputa resource or flow entering an urban system
urban outputa waste product, emission or flow leaving an urban system
urbanizationthe process by which populations move into urban areas and cities grow
rural-to-urban migrationmovement of people from rural areas to towns or cities
push factora negative factor that encourages people to leave a place
pull factora positive factor that attracts people to a place
voluntary migrationmigration chosen by people to improve their living conditions
forced migrationmigration caused by conflict, disasters or other pressures
deurbanizationthe movement of people out of urban areas into rural areas or smaller towns
suburbanizationthe movement of people from dense city centers to lower-density suburbs
urban sprawluncontrolled expansion of low-density urban areas into surrounding rural land
built-up arealand covered by buildings, roads and other human infrastructure
infrastructurephysical systems such as transport, housing, water supply, sewage, energy and waste management
urban heat islandthe effect where urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas
impervious surfacea surface such as concrete or asphalt that water cannot easily infiltrate
green spaceparks, gardens, trees and other vegetated areas in cities
green infrastructureurban natural features such as parks, wetlands, green roofs and urban forests that provide ecosystem services
urban resiliencethe ability of an urban system to withstand and recover from disturbances
emergent propertya property of a system that arises from interactions between its components
urban planningthe process of making decisions about land use, infrastructure and development in urban areas
sustainable urban planningplanning that aims to create livable cities while reducing environmental impacts
SDG 11a Sustainable Development Goal aiming to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
ecological urban planningplanning that treats cities as ecosystems and integrates human and ecological needs
urban compactnessdense and efficient urban development that reduces land use and urban sprawl
mixed land useintegration of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational spaces in one area
social mixplanning that mixes different income groups and housing types to reduce segregation
environmental justicefair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens among social groups
Doughnut Economicsa model aiming to meet social needs while staying within ecological limits
safe and just spacea condition where human needs are met without exceeding planetary boundaries
green architecturebuilding design that minimizes environmental impact and supports human health
bio-based materiala building material made from renewable organic sources
circular constructionconstruction based on reducing waste and reusing or recycling materials
passive coolingbuilding design that reduces heat without mechanical air conditioning
natural ventilationbuilding design that uses natural airflow for cooling