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用語
定義
natural resource
a material or component that occurs naturally in the environment and is used by humans
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biotic resource
a natural resource derived from living things
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abiotic resource
a natural resource derived from non-living things
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renewable resource
a resource that can be replenished naturally within a human timescale
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non-renewable resource
a resource that exists in finite amounts and cannot be replenished on a human timescale
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natural capital
the stock of natural assets that provide goods and services to humans
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natural income
the yield or benefit obtained from natural capital
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sustainable use
using a resource at a rate that does not exceed its natural regeneration
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ecosystem service
a benefit that humans receive from functioning ecosystems
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provisioning service
an ecosystem service that provides goods such as food, water, timber or fuel
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regulating service
an ecosystem service that controls natural processes such as climate, floods or disease
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cultural service
an ecosystem service that provides spiritual, recreational or educational benefits
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supporting service
an ecosystem service that supports other services, such as nutrient cycling or soil formation
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water purification
the process by which ecosystems remove pollutants and improve water quality
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pollination
the transfer of pollen that allows plants to reproduce
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carbon sequestration
the capture and storage of carbon dioxide by natural systems
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natural capital model
a framework that treats natural resources as assets that provide natural income
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economic value
the monetary value of a resource or ecosystem service
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ecological value
the importance of a resource for ecosystem health and function
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cultural value
the importance of a resource to culture, identity, recreation or tradition
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aesthetic value
the value of natural beauty or visual enjoyment
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intrinsic value
the value of nature independent of human use
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resource security
the ability to ensure enough natural resources are available to meet current and future demand
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resource insecurity
a lack of reliable access to important natural resources
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maximum sustainable yield
the largest yield that can be taken repeatedly without reducing long-term productivity
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overexploitation
using a resource faster than it can regenerate
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overconsumption
using more resources than is sustainable or necessary
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equitable access
fair distribution of resources among different groups of people
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resource management
the planning and control of resource use to maintain availability and reduce harm
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environmental impact assessment
a study of the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project before it begins
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EIA
environmental impact assessment
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scoping
identifying the possible impacts and boundaries of an environmental impact assessment
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baseline study
collecting data on current environmental conditions before a project begins
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impact evaluation
predicting and assessing the possible impacts of a project
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mitigation
reducing or preventing negative environmental impacts
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monitoring
ongoing measurement and assessment during or after a project
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public participation
involving local people and stakeholders in decision-making
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stakeholder
a person or group with an interest or influence in an issue
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SDG
Sustainable Development Goal
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sustainable consumption
using goods and services in a way that reduces resource use and environmental harm
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circular economy
an economic model that keeps resources in use through reuse, repair, remanufacturing and recycling
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linear economy
an economic model based on take, make, use and dispose
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globalization
the increasing interconnection of economies, cultures and resource flows across the world
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resource conflict
conflict caused by competition over scarce or valuable natural resources
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